16 Most Common Japanese Particles | An Essential Guide for 2023

What exactly is the Japanese particle? A quick search may tell you that particles are postpositions with no conjugations and come after other words to reflect defined grammatical relationships. Well, don’t be perplexed by this sequence of terms! Actually, learning Japanese particles can be pretty simple! This article aims to help you grasp Japanese particles in an easy-to-understand way. Bookmark it first if you want to learn later!
Table of Contents
What are particles in Japanese?
First, let’s clarify the fundamental logic of the particle. A particle is just like a nametag that indicates the grammar component of one or more words in a sentence. For example, You can compare a sentence to a kingdom, where the subject is the King, and ใ is the crown thatโs always placed atop his head. Similarly, each grammar component has its own symbol to indicate its role.
Since each particle suggests a different “identity,” variations in particles can completely change a sentence’s meaning. Here is an interesting example for you to get a sense of what I mean ๐ย
็งใใ็ชใใๅฒใฃใใ
(watashiga madowo watta)
I broke the glass.
ย
็งใใ็ชใใๅฒใฃใใ
(watashiwo madoga watta)
The glass broke me.
In this article, I’ll introduce you to the primary uses of the 16 most common Japanese particles. If you can master the following content as a beginner, then that means you’re off to a great start with Japanese grammar! By the way, to follow along with this article, itโd be best to have a basic understanding of Japanese sentences.
ใฏ (ha)
ใฏ is the first particle that many Japanese learners encounter. Despite seeing it from the start, they never really comprehend its meaning. First of all, there is no preposition or other counterpart that corresponds to it in English. Secondly, as one of the fundamental particles in Japanese, the usage of ใฏ is impossible to summarize in a single sentence. But no worries, I’m only going to show you its two most crucial uses. If you master them well, you will be able to handle most applications.
Cue the topic, limiting the follow-up content
ใฏ serves to qualify the subject of a sentence. Many beginners mistake ใฏ for the particle that indicates the subject when that is actually ใ. Although there is no literal translation of ใฏ in English, we can tentatively think of it as “As for” to make it easier to understand. However, it’s significant to note that ใฏ appears much more frequently than “As for” in English and is more widely used.
ใธใงใชโใฏใๆฅๆฌ่ชใฎๅ ็ใงใใ
(jeriha nihongo no sensei desu)
As for Jerry, (he) is a Japanese language teacher.
ๅฎใฏใ็งใใ็ฅใใพใใใ
(jitsuha, watashimo shirimasen)
To be honest, I donโt know either.
Emphasis on contrast
As mentioned above, ใฏ serves to qualify the topic, not suggest the subject as many tend to think. Although it is used with the subject most of the time, it can also function with other sentence components (e.g., object, gerund, etc.) to create contrast in some cases.
ใใในใฏใๅฅฝใใงใฏใใใพใใใ
(tenisuha suki dehaarimasen)
As for tennis, (I) donโt like (it).
This sentence would normally beย “ใใในใๅฅฝใใงใฏใใใพใใ” but replacing ใ with ใฏ implies a contrast ใผ I don’t really like tennis (but I like basketball or something else).
ใฉใใใใฏใ้่ใฏใ้ฃในใพใใ้ญใฏใ้ฃในใพใใใ
(rabittoha yasaiha tabemasu. sakanaha tabemasen)
As for the rabbit, (they) eat vegetables, but (they) donโt eat fish.
ย Similarly, this sentence would have initially been
ใฉใใใใฏใ้่ใใ้ฃในใพใใ้ญใใ้ฃในใพใใใ
(rabittoha yasaiwo tabemasu. sakanawo tabemasen)
As for the rabbit, (they) eat vegetables, but (they) donโt eat fish.
The particle ใฏ replaces ใ as the object, contrasting the vegetables with the fish.
ใ (ga)
As stated previously, ใ is used to suggest the subject, just like the king’s crown indicating whoever is the king (subject). Japanese learners always mix up ใ and ใฏ. Indeed, theyย both have overlapping uses and distinctly separate uses, which can be hard to differentiate.
It could be said that a serious comparison between ใ and ใฏ would be enough for a Japanese language researcher to complete a master’s thesis. Again, I will only introduce two of the most common uses of ใ.
Cue the subject
Although ใฏ often replaces this function of ใ as a subject, in many cases, ใ has an irreplaceable role.
่ฑกใฏใ้ผปใใ้ทใใงใใ
(zouha hanaga nagai desu)
As for the elephant, (its) nose is long.
In this sentence, ใฏ suggests the topic of the elephant, which means that the sentence is about something related to the elephant. The latter ใ suggests the subject. What is long? The nose๏ผ้ผปใ๏ผ! The following example may help you better understand the difference between ใฏ and ใ when they both act as subjects.
็งใฏใใธใงใชใผใงใใ
(watashiha jerii desu)
As for me, (my name) is Jerry.
็งใใใธใงใชใผใงใใ
(watashiga jerii desu)
I am Jerry.
Used in declarative sentences
Unlike ใฏ, which is often used in judgment sentences, ใ is used in declarative sentences. You may be wondering what the difference is between a declarative sentence and a judgment sentence. In a nutshell, a declarative sentence describes a thing someone sees or experiences without any modification. Meanwhile, a judgment sentence incorporates someone’s subjective judgment.
Declarative sentence๏ผ้ชใใ้ใใพใใ
(describing natural phenomena)
Judgment sentence๏ผใฉใผใกใณใฏใ็พๅณใใใงใใ
(only the speaker feels it delicious, others may not think so)
The above is one of the most common differences between ใ and ใฏ. But of course, as I noted before, there are more complications between ใ and ใฏ than that. The complexity of Japanese grammar nags at many people. After reaching a higher level, you will gradually unlock a better understanding.
ใ (ka)
Many newbies feel baffled between the particle “ใ (ga)” and the question marker “ใ (ka).” In reality, the difference between them is more than just the two missing points.
The particle “ใ” is a question marker that follows the end of a sentence and transforms a declarative sentence into a question sentence. I think this rule is much simpler than the English one, don’t you?
ๆกใใๅฒใใพใใใ
(sakuraga sakimashita.)
Cherry blossoms have bloomed.
ๆกใใๅฒใใพใใใใ
(sakuraga sakimashitaka.)
Have the cherry blossoms bloomed?
ใธ (he)
ใธ suggests the destination to which the subject is moving. Imagine thatย you want to fly from New York to Manchester and you need to buy a plane ticket (in case you don’t own a private plane). ใธ works just like this ticket, telling the flight attendant where you are going.
ๆฅ้ฑใ็งใฏใ็ฑณๅฝใธใ่กใใพใใ
(raisyuu, watashiha beikokuhe ikimasu.)
I will go to the U.S. next week.
ๆจๆฅใ็ ้ขใธใ่กใใพใใใ
(kinou, byouinhe ikimashita.)
Yesterday, (I) went to the hospital.
ใง (de)
ใง is probably the particle with the most uses. Although there are many, they are not difficult to understand because each usage has its own unique features. As a beginner, if you can understand a few of them, you will be able to use them in most situations
Indicates where the action takes place
ๆๅฎคใงใๆ็ดใใๆธใใพใใใ
(kyoushitsude tegamiwo kakimashita.)
(I) wrote a letter in the classroom.ย
Indicates methods, tools, instruments
ๆๅฎคใงใๆฅๆฌ่ชใงใๆ็ดใใๆธใใพใใใ
(kyoushitsude nihongode tegamiwo kakimashita.)
I wrote a letter in Japanese in the classroom.
In this sentence, two ใง appear –ย the first ใง suggests where writing the letter takes place, and the second ใง indicates the language (method) used to write the letter. After all, there are also two in’s in the English translation. However, this is not always the case, as in the following example.
้ป่ปใงใๆฑไบฌใธใ่กใใพใใ
(denshade toukyouhe ikimasu.)
(I) will go to Tokyo by train.
The above ใง suggests the means of transportation to Tokyo. Recall that the prepositions used in English to suggest methods, tools, instruments are “in, by, through, as, with, etc.” Yet, the Japanese preposition ใง is an all-purpose card. Isn’t that easy?
Indicates the range (time, space)
ใใใฏใๆฅๆฌใงใไธ็ช็พๅณใใใใฌในใใฉใณใ ใ
(kokoha nihonde ichiban oishii resutoranda.)
This is the best restaurant in Japan.
ไธๅนดใฎไธญใงใใใฃใจใใๅฟใใๆๆใ
(ichinen no nakade mottomo isogashiijiki.)
The busiest time of the year.
Indicates the conditions
Different grammar books may subdivide the examples given below. But please think deeply about the fact that their meanings semantically come from one origin.
ไธๅใงใ600ๅใงใใ
(sansatsude roppyakuen desu.)
Three books cost 600 Yen.
๏ผIn the case of buying three books, it is $600, but it does not mean that buying one book must be $200. The three books here indicate a situation.๏ผ
ใฏใฉในใฎ็ใงใไธ็ทใซใๅฏฟๅธใไฝใใพใใ
(kurasunominade issyoni sushiwo tsukurimasu.)
The class will make sushi together.ย
(In what context will sushi be made? Together with the class)
Indicates raw materials
In the previous section, we discussed that ใใ can be used to cue raw materials. ใง can also be used to indicate raw materials. The difference between them is that the raw materials suggested by ใง are often directly observable to naked eyes.
ใใฎๆบใฏใๆจใงใไฝใฃใใฎใงใใ
(konotsukueha kide tsukuttanodesu.)
This desk was made of wood.
็ดใงใ้ฃ่กๆฉใใไฝใใพใใ
(kamide hikoukiwo tsukurimasu.)
Make airplanes out of paper.
ใจ (to) and ใ(ya)
Many beginners tend to think of ใจ as “and” in English, but this is only partially true. The use of ใจ to express juxtaposition is far less widespread than “and.”
ใจ is usually used only in juxtaposing a complete count. If you want to exemplify something, then ใ is appropriate for an incomplete count.
ๆ็ฉใฏใใคใใดใจใใใใใๅฅฝใใงใใ
(kudamonoha, ichigoto bananaga sukidesu.)
As for fruit, (I) like strawberries and bananas. (thatโs all, nothing else)
ๆ็ฉใฏใใคใใดใใใใ ( ใชใฉ ) ใใๅฅฝใใงใใ
(kudamonoha, ichigoya banananadoga sukidesu.)
As for fruit, (I) like strawberries, bananas, etc. (examples only, maybe something else)
Also, when you want to express that a person and another person are doing something simultaneously, you need to be careful with the position of ใจ.
็งใฏใๆฏใจใไธ็ทใซใๅฏฟๅธใไฝใฃใใ
(watashiha hahato issyoni sushiwo tsukutta.)
I made sushi with my mother.
ใ (wo)
Indicates direct object
ใ is also one of the essential particles in Japanese. Its most prominent use is to indicate the direct object. If you’ve ever played a shooting game, you must be familiar with the fact that the scope on a sniper rifle helps you aim at the prey or the enemy. ใ is like such a scope, aiming at the receptor (direct object) of an action.
ๆฉใ้ฃฏใฏใ็งใใใชใณใดใใ้ฃในใพใใใ
(bangohanha, watashiga ringowo tabemashita.)
As for the dinner, I ate an apple.
In this sentence, ใฏ is suggestive of the subject, telling us that what follows is related to dinner. ใ plays the crown, signifying the subject (็ง). Furthermore, “้ฃในใพใใ” is the verb that acts as the predicate, like a gun that goes through the scope (ใ) and aims at the target (ใชใณใด). The following example is interesting and more intuitive.
ใญใณใฐใใใฉใใใใใๅฐๆฎบใใใ
(kinguga rabittowo syasatsushita.)
The king fired a shot at the rabbit.
โฆใ้ใใ
Just like ใซ, ใ also has an essential fixed collocation with the verb ้ใใ (ใใใ, get off). I wonโt expand on why itโs like this as itโs easier to just remember it as a collocation for now.ย
้ป่ปใใ้ใใใ
(denshawo oriru.)
(I) get off the train.
The above sentence shows how to express “getting off the train” from the angle of this action’s subject. However, different perspectives require different particles. For example, if you are standing on the platform and see your wife getting off the train, you need to use the particle “ใใ.”
ๅฆปใฏใ้ป่ปใใใ้ใใใ
(tsumaha denshakara oriru.)
My wife gets off the train.
ใฎ (no)
This is also a Japanese particle that gives many beginners a headache. Again, many grammar books or articles will break it down into many uses. Still, you need to remember only one original meaning, which indicates someone or something’s belongings.
็งใฎๅ ็ใฏใๅชใใใงใใ
(watashi no senseiha yasashii desu.)
My teacher is gentle.
ใใใฏใใธใงใชใผใใใฎ้ดใงใใ
(areha jeriisanno kutsu desu.)
Those are Jerryโs shoes.
Additionally, ใฎ can also be used as a pronoun, equivalent to “one“. Especially when something has already been mentioned, ใฎ can be used to replace that item.
่ตคใในใซใผใใฏใใฉใใงใใใ
(akai sukaatoha doudesuka.)
How about the red skirt?
ย
ใใฎ็ฝใใฎใฏใใใ่ฏใใ ใใจๆใใพใใ
(kono shiroinoha yoriyoidato omoimasu)
I prefer the white one.
ใซ (ni)
ใซ, like ใง, has many uses and is a model worker in the world of particles.
Indicates a place where some things exist in
First of all, ใซ can be used to indicate a place, and such sentences are often translated as “There is/areโฆin…”. Perhaps you understand it simply as โinโ, but if you just mechanically memorize it like that, you will likely confuse it with ใง. Please note that ใง suggests the place where the action takes place, and ใซ suggests the place where the object exists. Here is a set of examples.
้ๅๅฐใซใๅญไพใใใใใใใใใพใใ
(yuuenchini kodomoga takusan imasu.)
There are many children in the amusement park.
้ๅๅฐใงใใขใคในใฏใชใผใ ใใ่ฒทใใพใใใ
(yuuenchide aisukuriimuwo kaimashita.)
(I) bought an ice cream in the amusement.
The following example is similar to the one above. They are actually from the same origin and suggest an attachment point for something.
ใใใซใๅๅใใๆธใใฆใใ ใใใ
(kokoni namaewo kaitekudasai)
Please write your name here.
Indicates specific time
The third use of ใซ is to indicate absolute time, which you can think of as “at.” Generally speaking, time concepts involving numbers, such as “May 2” and “7:50,” are indicated by ใซ. In addition, it can sometimes be added to the days of the week.ย
7ๆใซใ่ตทใใพใใ
(shichijini okimasu.)
I wake up at 7.
ย
ๆจๆๆฅ(ใซ)ใ่ฉฆ้จใใใใพใใ
(mokuyoubini shikenga arimasu.)
The exam will be on Wednesday.
Indirect object of an action
While ใ is used to cue a direct object, as we mentioned earlier. ใซ can be used to cue the person who is the recipient of an action, aka, the indirect object as linguists put it. Meanwhile, the object or thing receiving an action from a transitive verb is called a direct object.
ๅฝผๅฅณใซใใใฌใผใณใใใ่ดใใพใใใ
(kanojoni purezentowo okurimashita.)
(I) gave my girlfriend a gift.
ๅ ็ใซใไผใใ
(senseini au.)
(I) meet the teacher.
Subject of the action
As we mentioned in the previous section, the particles ใฏ and ใ can be used to cue the subject in active sentences. Nonetheless, in passive sentences, the subject of an action is indicated by ใซ.
ๅ ็ใซใ่คใใใใใ
(senseini homerareru.)
(I) praised by the teacher.
ๆฟ้ใใใฏใไผ้ทใซใๅฑใใใพใใใ
(itanosanha kaichoni shikararemashita.)
Itano-san was criticized by the boss.
Express a purpose
In Japanese, the most basic sentence structure to express purpose is verb stem form or noun +ใซ + ่กใ. If you understand this, you can quickly master a series of expressions such as “I’m going to do sth”, “I went doing sth” and so on.
้ฃใใซใ่กใใพใใ
(tsurini ikimasu.)
I am going fishing.
่ฒทใ็ฉใซใ่กใฃใใ
(kaimononi itta.)
(I) went shopping.
โฆใซไนใ
Another use of ใซ is to indicate means of transportation. You may come across the phrase “xx ใซ ไนใ (get on)” very often at early stages of Japanese learning. As you have guessed, here ใซ is used to indicate means of transportation.ย
้ป่ปใซใไนใใ
(denshani noru.)
(I) get on the train.
ใ (mo)
The usage of ใ is straightforward – it has the role of ใ indicating the subject, and on top of that, it has the additional meaning of “also.” In English, it is equivalent to “also,” “as well,” or “either.”
ใใฏใฝใณใใใขใกใชใซไบบใงใใ
(nikusonmo amerikajindesu.)
Nickson is also American.
It can also be used with the negative form of verbs and adjectives to indicate complete negation.ย
ไฝใใ็ฅใใพใใใ
(nanimo shirimasen.)
๏ผI donโt know anything๏ผ
ใใ (kara)
ใใ is one of the few particles in Japanese that consists of two kana. It has several meanings and uses. At first glance, they seem very different. But a closer look shows an underlying logic: almost all of them are related to the meaning of “source.”
Indicate starting point
First, let’s learn two examples of how ใใ is used to indicate the starting point of time. In such cases, they are always placed after time-related nouns like “ใใค (itsu)”, โไธๆ (sanji)โ and “ไฝๆ (nanji)”.
ใใคใใใๆฅๆฌ่ชใใๅๅผทใใฆใใพใใใ
(itsukara nihongowo benkyoushimashitaka.)
How long have you been studying Japanese?
ไผ่ญฐใฏใไธๆใใใๅงใพใใพใใ
(kaigiha sanjikara hajimarimasu.)
The meeting will begin at three p.m.
Likewise, ใใ can also indicate the starting point of space, which is similar to โfromโ in English.
ใฉใใใใๆฅใพใใใใ
(dokokara kimashitaka.)
Where did you come from?
ๅคง้ชใใใๆฅใพใใใ
(osakakara kimashita.)
I just came from Osaka.
In addition, ใใ can also indicate the starting point of some abstract concepts. For example:
ไธ็ชใฎๅญฆ็ใใใ้ ็ชใซใ็บ่กจใใพใใ
(ichibannogakuseikara junbanni happyoshimasu.)
ย The presentations will be made in order.
Indicates the subject of an action
Kara can also indicate an action’s subject, mainly in receiving and giving phrases โย use ใใ to indicate the giver if itโs an organization.
ๅณๆธ้คจใใใๆฌใใใใใใพใใใ
(toshokankara honwo moraimashita.)
I received a book from the library.
If the giver is a person, then useย ใซ.ย
ๅ ็ใซใๆใใฆใใใใใพใใใ
(senseini oshiete moraimashita.)
My teacher taught me.
Indicates raw materials
Sometimes ใใ indicates the raw material from which something is made. It’s important to note that unlike ใง, which suggests raw material has not gone through major changes before becoming the final product, ใใ is often used in cases when a chemical change has occurred or when the raw material can’t be spotted by naked eyes. You can also refer to the differences between โmade ofโ and โmade fromโ in English.
ใฏใคใณ ใฏใ่ก่ใใใไฝใใใฆใใพใใ
(wainha budoukara tsukuraretemasu.)
Wine is made from grapes.
ใใผใซ ใฏใ้บฆใใใ้ ใใใพใใใ
(biiruha mugikara tsukuraremashita.)
Beer was made from wheat.
Indicates reason
Quite unlike any of the uses above, ใใ can also be used to express reasons like โbecauseโ, โsinceโ, and โsoโ. The ใใ part is mostly placed at the beginning of a sentence. Here are two examples
ใซใผใซใ ใใใๅฎใฃใฆใใ ใใใ
(ruurudakara mamottekudasai.)
It’s a rule, so please follow it.
ไปๆฅใฏ้จใ ใใใๆดๆฟฏใใใพใใใ
(kyouha amedakara sentakuwoshimasen.)
It’s raining today, so I won’t be doing laundry.
ใพใง (made)
Indicates the end of time or space
As we have already mentioned, ใใ can indicate the starting point of time or space. Conversely, ใพใง indicates the ending point of time or space. ใพใง is often combined with ใใ together, and they appear simultaneously. Of course, they can also be used separately.
ไธๆตทใใใๆฑไบฌใพใงใ้ฃ่กๆฉใงใ่กใใพใใ
(shanhaikara toukyoumade hikoukide ikimasu.)
We will fly from Shanghai to Tokyo.
ไนๆใพใงใๅใใ
(kujimade hataraku.)
(I) work until nine o’clock.
Many beginners are confused about the difference between ใพใง and ใพใงใซ. But it’s actually not that difficult to distinguish them.ย
ใพใง refers to the end of continuous verbs. What is a continuous verb? It is an action that can be sustained for a while, such as “eating,” “sleeping,” “studying,” etc. In the above example, “ๅใ(hataraku)” is a typical continuous verb, meaning working.
The word “ใพใงใซ” is mainly used to express a momentary verb that must be completed before a specific time. Momentary verbs are not sustainable, such as “come,” “go,” “submit,” etc.
ไธๆไบๆฅใพใงใซใ่ซๆใใๆๅบใใฆใใ ใใใ
(sangatsuitsukamadeni ronbunwo teishutsushitekudasai.)
Papers must be submitted by March 5.
Donโt worry if you find this a bit difficult, as you will notice their differences gradually as you progress in Japanese with a comprehensive learning tool like LingoDeer.
ใญ (ne) and ใ (yo)
ใญ and ใ are two of the most common modal particles in Japanese with quite different usages. Although there are many nuances between them, as beginners, we only need to remember the following rules.
ใญ expresses agreement with the others based on a shared understanding of the issue or seeking the other’s approval for one’s inferences or judgments.
A๏ผใใๅคฉๆฐใงใใญใ- It’s nice weather.
(iitenkidesune.)
B๏ผๆฌๅฝใงใใญใ- True.
(hontoudesune.)
ใ is used to emphasize one’s judgment or assertion, and to inform or remind others about something they may not have noticed, should know, or should do.
ใใฎ ใฌในใใฉใณใฏใ็พๅณใใใงใใใ
(anoresutoranha oishiidesuyo.)
That restaurant is delicious.
ใใ (yori)
The most typical use of the particle ใใ is that it introduces comparison. In such a case, ใใ can be translated to “than” in English.
ๅไบฌใฏใๆฑไบฌใใใๅฏใใงใใ
(pekkinha toukyouyori samuidesu.)
Beijing is colder than Tokyo.
ๅๆฌใใใไธญ้ใฎใปใใใ้ๆใกใงใใ
(kuramotoyori nakanonohouga kanemochidesu.)
Nakano is richer than Kuramoto.
In the second example, “Noun 1 ใใ Noun 2 ใฎใปใใ Adj. or Noun” is a basic comparative sentence structure. meaning โNoun 2 is more xxx than Noun 1โ.
Distinguish movement indicators ใธ, ใซ, and ใ
Dear reader, you may be wondering – what is it for this part? OK, Iโm glad to explainโ
All these three articles are related to movement, but there are subtle differences among their uses. Take a look at the image below to better understand them.
As you can see,ย the particle ใ suggests the displacement trajectory created during the climb, focusing on the route.ย
ๅฑฑใ็ปใฃใฆใๅ้ใฎๅฎถใซ่กใใพใใ
(yamawo nobotte, tomodachinoieni ikimasu.)
I went over a mountain to a friend’s home.
ใซ emphasizes that “climbing” is an action, not a displacement trajectory. At the same time, ใซ gives the impression that the goal is to reach the top of the mountain, while ใ places more emphasis on the process.
ๅคฉๆฐใใใใใใๅฑฑใซ็ปใใพใใใใ
(tenkigaiikara, yamani noborimasho.)
It’s a lovely day! Let’s climb the mountain.
In the example example, the emphasis of the particle ใธ is on the journey (from home to the foot of the mountain). ใธ gives the impression of being on the way to a specific destination. What you will do (climbing or circling the mountain) when you arrive at the foot of the hill is not the sentence’s focus.
่ปใงๅฑฑใธ่กใใพใใ
(kurumade yamahe ikimasu.)
We will drive to the mountain.
I know the above discussions are a bit difficult, and I am indeed being strict with my beginner friends. It’s okay if you donโt understand this part.ย
Dear reader, have you noticed that the special rules I have mentioned in the ใ and ใซ section are not actually “special.” Last, let’s have a look at an easier example.
ไฝ่ฒ้คจใธใๆณณใใซใ่กใใพใใ
(taiikukanhe oyogini ikimasu.)
(I) go swimming at the gym.
In this example, “the gym” is not the purpose but only the place I’m going to. Iโm actually up to “go swimming,” which is indicated by ใซใ
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I have been studying Japanese for 1 year. Japanese seems easy but it might also be confusing; each particle can have several different meanings and usages. Thank you for sharing!
So helpful! Thanks for sharing this about Japanese! Gotta keep pracitcing